Discuss environmental impact assessment methodologies ?
Ans.The impact identification and assessment
can be made through several ways.Each one represents a methodology. Besides the
one already explained, there are six other different methodologies in the
literature based on the way the impacts are identified and assessed. A critical
overview of the methodologies is given below
1. Ad Hoc: These methodologies provide a
minimum guidance for impact assessment. They merely suggest broad areas of
possible impacts (e.g.,impacts on lakes, forests, etc.,) rather than defining
specific parameters to be investigated. This is given exogenously to the
analyst.
2. Overlays: These methodologies depend upon a
set of maps on the environmental characteristics (physical, social, ecological,
and aesthetic) of the proposed project’s vicinity. These maps are overlaid to
produce a composite characterization of the regional environment. Noting the
impacted environmental attributes within the project boundaries then identifies
impacts.
3. Checklists: The methodologies present a
specific list of environmental attributes to be investigated for possible. They
need not necessarily attempt to establish the cause-effect links to project
activities. They may or may not include guidelines about how attribute data are
to be measured and interpreted.
4. Matrices: These methodologies incorporate a
list of project activities with a checklist of potentially impacted
environmental attributes. Then, the two lists are related in a matrix form,
which identifies the cause-effect relationships between specific activities and
impacts. The matrix methodologies may either
specify which actions affect, which
attributes, or may simply list the range of project activities and
environmental attributes in an open matrix to be completed by the analyst.
5. Network: These methodologies work from a
list of project activities to establish cause-condition-effect relationships.
It is generally felt that a series of impacts may be triggered by a project
action. They define a set of possible networks and allow the user to identify
impacts by selecting and tracing out the appropriate project actions.
6. Combination Computer-aided: These methodologies
use a combination of matrices, networks, analytical models, and a
computer-aided systematic approach. Since this is a combination of difficult
methodologies, it is a multiple-objective approach to; (a) identify activities
associated with the governmental policies and programmes; (b) identity
potential environmental impacts at different levels; (c) provide guidance for
abatement and mitigation techniques; (d) provide analytical models to establish
cause-effect relationships and to quantitatively determine potential
environmental impacts, and (e) provide a methodology and a procedure to utilize
this comprehensive information in decision-making.
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